Tents and Marquees
Event Tents, such as wedding tents are for when you want to make a daring outdoor scene. They are generally structures installed at a location for a period of time.
Why A Tent?
Commercial Tents are used as protection from the sun, rain or a gathering place. They can make a stunning and creative atmosphere for any event.
Tent Rentals
Tents can be rented or leased for a day, a weekend, weeks, months, etc. For one or two day events, the Tents are usually installed a few days before the event, depending on scheduling and weather, and remain until a few days after the event. Many rentals are quoted for the entire week, allowing for time to set up and design the interior and exterior. Some Tents are built for exceedingly long-term events and have been installed and remain installed for years.
What Kind of Tent Should I Rent?
Tent rental companies come in all sizes - from small-sized companies with just a few Tents to exceedingly large-sized companies - carrying dozens of several sizes and styles of Tents. Some general rental companies rent from tent rental companies to accommodate their client’s needs.
You may know you want to use a standard Tent for your event, or your event planner may already have in mind to use a Tent. You have options! There are lots of other fabulous
structures and Tent styles out there. Some are unique and make a statement of their own. Ask the rental company you’re working with for a list of the type styles they have on hand.
Usually, the varying types of Tents available in most companies are (the names vary depending of the company):
Folding Tents Easy and fast to use and always in demand. Very popular, because usually is the less expensive tent. Fast, flexible, cost effective and long lasting.
They are used by:
- Corporate brands across most industries
- Government & Council buyers
- SME business marketers
- Franchisees
- Agricultural exhibitors
- Emergency services & community groups
- Folding Tents create brand exposure opportunities.
- You can reach your audience at the right time, in the right place with the right message.
Inflatable Tents An exciting and entertaining alternative Tent. Easy & fast to set up. Be sure they have removable printed roof because in that way you can share the investment with other licences.
What Size Tent Will I Need?
The size of Tent depends on a few factors:
1. The number of guests you expect
2. Layout or seating arrangements or the style of event:
* Reception with what type of tables?
* Speaker engagement with what type of seating?
* Will you need a dance floor?
* Will you need display areas for your products?
If you are interested in a Tent, you can expect to need about 2,000 - 2,500 square feet for 200-seated guests. That could mean a 40 x 60 size Tent (Always ask the Tent rental vendor directly and they’ll give you the best informationabout the size of Tent you’ll need).
Therefore, the key rule is; know what you are going to use your tent for. The choice of tents is astounding, almost on par with the choice of cars that you can buy.
So if you need a tent for the family BBQ, for example, your needs are fairly rudimentry
and your budget may be low. Look for cheap tents that offers a waterproof Polyester roof and a good warranty for under $600.
If you need a tent for a school or sports club you will need a selection of sizes, and colours. Most plain colour Tents s range between $995- $2900. If you are keen to advertise yourself, you can have your names printed for around $150-$300. Printing logos usually cost a little more.
In the last 5 years, portable Tents have become important to businesses for their marketing. The essential need for these buyers is a prominent and quality reproduction of their logo. Sign written or printed Tents can be as boring as a website address or they can be a design extravaganza.
Remember, if it is for commercial purposes, the aim is to build awareness of your company with your printed Tent. Printed corporate Tents range in price from $1500- $4000. Good ones will really catch your eye.
Once you have decided on what sort of buyer you are and how you are going to use your Tents, a good Tents company will offer you a choice of frames, a warranty of between 3-5 years and help with formulating the printing-if you need it.
For more information about tents, contact Extreme Marquees. We have a range of cheap tents, for all sorts of home and business applications.
New Zealand’s Top Holiday Cities
New Zealand has a stunning array of amazing landscapes. Like huge mountain ranges, sweeping coastlines, breathtaking rainforests, deep fiords, snow capped mountains and steaming volcanoes. These panoramic wonders have all made New Zealand an attractive destination for all kinds of holidays.
Awesome travel packages and holiday specials are available on quality accommodation in modern city hotels and luxurious wilderness lodges at slashed prices. Among the top holiday cities in New Zealand, Queenstown, Christchurch and Auckland would definitely be there. Travel Online is a outstanding online specialist travel operator and provides astounding tourist services for New Zealand. Travel Online provides an instant quote and booking service for accommodation in cities right across the country.
Queenstown
The international resort town of Queenstown is situated on the shoreline of Wakatipu Lake. This beautiful region is among the most scenic locations on the globe. Throughout the year adventurous and exciting sports like jet boating, bungy jumping, and white water rafting take place. This town is the epicentre of the entire world’s bungy jumping activities too. With the advent of winter, the town gets transformed to an alpine wonderland with snowboarders and skiers from all corners of the world assembling at the annual Winter Festival.
There is constant request for Queenstown Accommodation all round the year and Travel Online offers a select group of hotels best suited for New Zealand holidays. 1, 2, 3 or 4 bedroom apartments, with luxurious facilities, gyms, spas and fantastic views are available at various holiday retreats across the city. Bigger apartments with more bedrooms, tennis courts, private jetties and fitness centres are also available at a higher price. Luxury complexes with studio rooms in the vicinity of cafes, bars, and restaurants are also found in Travel Online’ Queenstown Accommodation selection.
Christchurch
When choosing a place to stay in Christchurch look for hotels that give views over the wonderful Victoria Square, across the transfixing Avon River or towards the epochal Anglican Cathedral. Situated on New Zealand’s South Island, this cosmopolitan city is always abuzz with great festivals, shopping spots, theaters and art galleries. Hotels overlooking Victoria Square provide visitors with an insight in to the city’s English history.
Individuals accommodated in the vicinity of the Christchurch Cathedral will find hotel rooms with a Manhattan-style feel. Tradition and elegance are everywhere in these hotels along with a keen eye on service excellence. Spacious bedrooms with full-fledged kitchen facilities are common, along with hi-tech conference facilities, resort-like leisure features like spas, saunas, gyms, and swimming pools. Many of these hotels provided by Travel Online are located in the vicinity of the Technology Park, the International Antarctic Centre, and the airport. Travelers who want to stay away from the hustle and bustle of the cosmopolitan life will find suitable accommodation in the radiantcountryside surrounding the city.
Auckland
Auckland, also known as the City of Sails, is situated in between 2 harbors and has more boats per person than anywhere on the planet. Within minutes a person has the flexibility of sailing away on yachts to isolated nearby islands, living the sweet life in the casino, surfing at winding beaches or tasting the exotic wines at local vineyards. Hotels come in stylish and comfortable studios, and spacious executive / marina suites. Travel Online caters to the tastes of corporate and business tourists and can beat any price seen on Auckland accommodation advertised. Auckland harbor is breathtaking, and is seen perfectly from atop Sky City and the surrounding accommodation.
Affordable and comfortable apartments are available for casual tourists, equipped with kitchens, laundries, and balconies to provide a fantastic holidaying experience. Visitors to Auckland love visiting the Antarctic Encounter, which showcases the only penguins present in the sub-Antarctic region. More adventures include cage-bereft shark dives, scuba expeditions and snorkel safaris. New Zealand is waiting.
Travel Online has a wide range of Queenstown accommodation close to all the snow action and cosmopolitan Christchurch accommodation surrounded by all that theatre and art. For holidays in and around the water, Auckland accommodation is as good as anywhere in the world.
Repairing Flooded Carpet: A cheap job is a good job right? Wrong….
Don’t have an unprofessional 24 hour carpet cleaner attempt to repair your carpets damaged by water. These are the worries you must be wary of:
Overcharging. An unprofessional water restoration restorer may pack the job up with extra extras. E.g. using dehumidification on the damaged carpets isn’t always necessary.
Using the correct equipment. They may hire equipment from hire places for the carpet. This is acceptable, but an experienced water damage cleaner will possess all their equipment so they offer a speedy response and hopefully a better value job.
The right moisture metre. If they don’t have the correct moisture meter, they can’t see if the carpet is dry. This increases the problem of mould growth in the future. Removal of this may be required in the future.
They are not Specialised. There are many “Carpet Cleaners” in this industry who do restoration jobs on the “side.” i.e. they aren’t those who complete this kind of task each day. Be careful of it. Drying water damage to carpets is an art. Reinstalling carpets on the gripper strips should be taken on by a professional, otherwise it can be permanently damaged.
You may be wondering, how do I decide on a proper Flood Restoration Business? Below I have selected some pointers to look out for when you call around for a carpet flood damage business:
How big is their Yellow Pages advertisement: This can be a sign of how much work they do already. A full-size Yellow Pages ad slot can cost around $50 000. So if they have paid for a larger ad, you can at least have some indication that they are professionals.
Where do they come up in Google? The higher the rate in Google, the more “online votes” there are for this business.
What Qualifications do they have? The base qualification they require is a IICRC qualification of Applied Structural Drying and Water Damage Restoration.
Do Insurance companies source them for their own water damage jobs? This is a top indicator. If insurance companies hire them, the business is likely to be superb at their job. Insurance companies will tend to use the providers that offer them the top value for their client’s money.
How much Equipment do they have? They should own at minimum 100 Air movers. If they possess this many, this probably means they have been up and running for a good time. We took 8 years to own that many wet carpet drying air movers.
What level of commitment can you get for them over the phone? Ask if you can pin them down to a price for water extraction, water removal and initial inspection. If they won’t give you a rate for at least this, you know they are not willing to assist you, so keep looking.
Response Time – Our Water Damage Brisbane business operates to a 59 minute response time for a water damage emergency. The business needs to be attended to ASAP. Mould can appear inside a 24 hour period.
If you stick to these tips you are sure to come up with a Flood Damage Restoration business who knows how to do the job right.
If you have carpet water damage Brisbane, call us for flooded wet carpet drying. Brisbane storm season is approaching and you may need storm damage carpet cleaning. Brisbane and surrounding areas serviced.
Podiatry as a Career in Australia
As a practicing podiatrist in Brisbane, Australia, I am often asked by patients if podiatry would be a good career for a school leaver to consider . There are many things to recommend a career in podiatry including:
- You can be self employed: This is a prospect that is increasingly being denied to other health care providers such as optometrists and even Family Doctors. Big Business controls a lot of health practices. Consider how often you see an independent optometrist these days – can they compete on price with the multinational chains?
- Legal Issues: In Australia (unlike the USA where things are very different), podiatrists very, very rarely face litigation . The nature of podiatry practice does not lend itself to accidentally harming one’s patients. Also, you never have to give your clients the bad news that their condition will be terminal.
- Working Hours: Emergency call outs are very unlikely. This is good news for those among us who like their sleep uninterrupted.
- Financial Reward: Whilst it is true that podiatry doesn’t pay as well as being a dentist or doctor , the salary is generally commensurate with other allied health providers.
- Instant Gratification: One of the best facets of a career as a podiatrist is the instant gratification! People come in with pain and leave happy. You will see a plethora of bite-sized jobs each day, many with a cure you can provide immediately. From someone that has worked with unanimously grumpy customers in a past career, believe me when I tell you, it makes the day much more pleasant when people leave you smiling.
- Philanthropy: Podiatry will allow you a lot of opportunity to help eliminate the suffering of your fellow human beings.
- Self – Determination: Podiatryallows a clinician the power to determine their own course of action for the benefit of their patients. This is unlike a career in nursing for instance where one acts under the instruction of a doctor.
- Clear Job roles: The only people who can work as a podiatrist are those with a podiatry degree . The clear roles that this delineates relieves the requirement to find your ‘niche’ after university - as someone with a more generic Bachelor of Science degree might need to do.
- Feel the need to travel? There are many places around the world that do not make their own podiatrists including Tasmania, the Northern Territory, all of Asia and all of the Middle East. If you want to work around the the world, Australian podiatrists can work in any Commonwealth country and are especially in demand in Singapore, Egypt, United Arab Emirates and other far flung fields.
- Variety: In any given day, a podiatrist will see a great range of complaints. There may be an ingrown toenail or two, a painful corn, a sports injury, some back pain and at least a couple of painful heels . The primary skill required in being a good podiatrist is to be a great problem solver. Each patient is an individual with a unique complaint requiring a well considered solution.
How do you train as a podiatrist ?
To qualify as a podiatrist necessitates) a four year Bachelor of Health Science degree course {available at six Australian Universities:
- Curtin University
- La Trobe University
- Charles Sturt University
- Queensland University of Technology
- University of South Australia
- University of Western Sydney.
Last year, the entry score for the QUT was OP 8.
Stephanie Cosgrove graduated as a podiatrist from QUT in 1990 and with a Master’s degree in Applied Science (Podiatry) in 1996. Since 1991, she has worked in private practice as a Podiatrist Brisbane. She received three university prizes during her studies, including the award for excellence in design and manufacture of orthotics. Brisbane has been the site of her private practice since 1991 which has grown to four locations and eleven staff. If you want to Walk Without Pain consider a visit to Brisbane’s most innovative podiatry practice today. Call for an appointment now on 1300 A1 Feet.
Eight Steps to Great Web Design
Take charge of getting your site conceived by a developer and comprehend the process it will save you money and attain you a site that actually works the intended purpose!
1. Understanding your business and how you are currently established in your market.
In order to author a site that truly meets your requirements; you first need to have a full knowledge of your business including your products, and/or services and more importantly their market position. You then have to examine how you want to explain your business and what it offers in 7 seconds or less. Sounds impossible? Well that is the average time that a user will consider the point “is this site I searched for?”.
2. Budget and estimation
Have a budget in mind and don’t be afraid to let the developers know what it is. In saying this: BE REALISTIC, $500 will never see a great web site created, nor will they be anything left in the bank to market it.
3. The creative process
Be armed with example sites and more importantly the elements of the site you like so they can attain an understanding of what you would like to see on your site and also what you find frustrating about other sites. This will construct a good profile and realise not only what type of site to construct for you but your tolerance to colours, animations, layouts etc. for your requirements which will allow for effective development. The more interaction and information you confer them in the beginning the more time you will save everybody in the long run by getting what you want 1st time round. Check with the designers on how many rounds of changes come with the contract, most will allow for a total conceptual redesign only once and 2 rounds of changes after that.
4. Production and Content
After the home page design is created, the developers will more than likely acquire the general layout of this concept and then formulate the inner page template. It is this template that will be replicated for most of your pages for your site.
Submit your content in a pre-proofed word processed document; don’t become too creative with the document fonts etc. as these will not be kept when the content is copied into the code of the site. It is suggested that you do use bolding, underlining, headings and sub heading though ,as these highlights are transferred into the site and are essential later on in not only establishing with the reader but for Search Engine Optimisation.
One last tip for content; present a decent amount of content but formulate it in a way that a reader may get a summary of what you are trying to get across in the 1st couple of paragraphs and an image or to. The rest of the paragraphs that get into finer details ARE FOR GOOGLE !
5. Development Programming and CMS
If your website contains Content Managed Areas (CMS) or has any other dynamic sections the developers will wrap your design around a content management program such as Joomla or Drupal or they may have a custom built system. Make sure that you get to see how the CMS system operate on another site they have developed or an example site they may have. it is essential that you know that you can use and understand the system when your site is complete.
6. Testing and training
We work closely with the developers to test your site especially if there are any CMS or special programs that have been created for you. You can guarantee if it is has just been written for you then it will not operate 100% first time round. This is a where things can get ugly in the process you must understand the way the program works and test it as if you were normal website user. If it doesn’t make sense to you, odds are it won’t make sense to your audience. Make sure you test your website on more than just your browser, try to test it on Internet Explorer, Firefox and Safari. All of these browsers are on the internet for free!
7. Launch – going live
When the developers are ready to bring your site live make sure you have completed the above testing step until you are content that this website is the best representation of your business / product it can be. Remember even though you can change things after going live it is still a poor reflection on your business if there are spelling mistakes or broken images when you launch.
8. Marketing
There is little point in having a website if nobody visits it, make sure as part of you contract you have discussed search engine optimisation and or search engine marketing as part of your website build. This is the absolute most important factor of the whole process. If you are the only one looking at your site then you are in trouble.
Remember Search Engine Optimisation is about 30% Onsite (getting your site correct for Search Engine to index correctly) and 70% Promotion. Any developer who tells you otherwise hasn’t been in the industry too long.
For more information about web design Brisbane, contact Web Site Blue. Our web designers understand marketing as well as design.
Tips to Creating a New Business Logo
A logo is a imperative step to building a business. It is the face of your business. And like your face expresses the tone of your business, indicates the service and displays the professionalism or lack there of.
People spend a lot of money on the creation of their logo and walk away with no artwork files. Then a couple months down the track when they need to put signage on their new building they cannot track the design studio down that created the original logo for them and so incur costs to have it recreated. This is unnecessary and may cause obstacles when trying to replecate the logo exactly as completed originally.
We have created some basic tips you for to think about when creating a logo. Hopefully these will help you from experiencing any future obstacles.
Tip 1
First things first - you need to decide if you would like your logo to have an accompanying icon. It is desired that if your service or product name is not in your business name then perhaps an icon will assist in conveying a clear message across to your target audience.
An icon can add an extra element to your branding in that you could use the icon on its own on collateral where perhaps you are looking for a more illustrative finish without losing recognition.
A perfect example of this is the well-known and executed Nike logo.
Tip 2
Colour can be an extremely important decision as it not only could change the output costs but can also margin your output use. Consider the end result and what you will be assigning your branding onto in the future. Make sure your designer is aware of this as they should design accordingly.
Tip 3
Confirm you get a back up disk of your logo as a master file and assure that it includes all the files required for the different printing formats.
Creative software updates frequently and some programmes become obsolete. Make certain you have a copy of your logo as a PDF - with the text converted to curves.
Tip 4
Using images in your logo is not very easy to arrange. For example it is hard to to reverse into black and white. Images also have limitations when it comes to size - they can only be reproduced to a certain size before they start pixilation.
Tip 5
Using gradients in your logo is not recommended. This too can have limitations when it comes to output for ie: gradients are hard to reproduce when embroidering fabrics.
Tip 6
Make sure sure the font is legible. Some logos need to be reproduced on small pieces of collateral ie: post stamps. It is important that in this case the text is
legible.
Tip 7
Assure that you acquire a copy of your logo in CMYK high resolution 300 dpi (for printing use) and RGB 72 dpi(for web use).
Tip 8
It is important to have a style guide of your logo. It will clearly show you how to use your logo so it looks exactly the same every time it is reproduced. This allows you to keep your corporate image consistent.
Tip 9
Make sure that you get a letter from the design studio declaring that you own the copyright to your logo.
If you follow these tips then not only will you get a well-designed logo but you will also own the artwork. And when it comes to reproducing your collateral you will be doing it the most cost effective way.
For logo design Brisbane and web design Brisbane, contact graphic design Brisbane today for a free two hour consultation.
How to Create a Style Guide
How many times have you sent business cards to print and collected yet another version of your corporate colour? Ever been thrilled to see your advert in the latest newspaper and then noticed that the crucial tag line is not present or your logo has been ruined.
There is only one way to stop this from happening and that is to set up a style guide. Not only will a style guide aid you conduct the reproduction of your logo - it will also help you strengthen your brand recognition – which many argue is one of the strongest selling tools.
We have placed the below steps together for you as a starting point.
Step 1 : Mark the audience for your Style Guide. Is this for staff to use in-house or is this for suppliers and contractors to refer to?
Step 2 : Define what your output uses are. This is important because you will require different logos and file formats for example, black and white publication adverts in comparison to vehicle graphics.
Step 3 : Define the tone for the copy and content required. For example you may needcopy rules for printed content and then copy rules for website content.
Content rules cover all punctuation rules and how to attribute to the business and team.
Step 4 : Make sure you layout all the design templates so it is clear how and where the logo and branding lies on all the different pieces of collateral that may be reproduced.
Step 5 : Assure to insert any contributing logos or logos of business that are associated with you. It’s also important that you mail a copy of the layout to these companies to ensure they approve the layout of their logo as they too may have their own Style Guide and hierarchy layout rules.
Step 6 : Assure that grammar, spelling and contact details are correct.
Step 7 : Confirm that when suppliers are using the Style Guide they know that a proof needs to be sentto you to be validated as correct.
Get your Style Guide finished and as established as possible. Then have it saved in an email friendly file format and have a couple printed. Once this is done we strongly advise a training session – whereby your design studio arrives and trains your staff on how to use the Style Guide and most importantly your brand.
For graphic design Brisbane, logo design Brisbane and web design Brisbane, contact Bydaughters today. We help your brand build business.
Projectors: LCD Verses DLP (The downfall of DLP technology)
The common question that is asked when acquiring a new projector for the home, office, or classroom is: would I take an LCD projector or a DLP projector? LCD, standing for ‘liquid crystal device’ and DLP, an acronym for ‘digital light processing’ are the two most popular projector imaging technologies. With so many company brands and models available, it can be overwhelming for consumers to pick between those technologies. The simple fact of the matter is that LCD projectors offer superior image quality and colour accuracy. The article below explains why DLP projectors struggle with creating the same level of image quality.
Visualise a set of blinds in your room covering your bedroom window. With the twist of a rod you can have the shutters open or closed, depending on if you want to let light in or not. That is exactly how an LCD projector works. Each pixel operates like an individual shutter on a set of blinds to either shine light through or to block it. DLP on the other hand is formed of millions of microscopic mirrors or ‘pixel elements’ as professionals like to call them. Each pixel element functions to either reflect light or block it.
How the light source is processed from when the projector is switched on to when the content reaches your screen is absolutely significant for image quality, brightness and colour accuracy. LCD projectors direct white light from the lamp by dividing it into red, blue and green components, by three mirrors which project the coloured light to 3 stand alone LCD panels. The 3 LCD panels create the elements of the image by shining each pixel on and off. The pixels are then meshed in a glass prism to create the projector image. A significant point to realise about LCD projectors is that all three colours are projected onto your screen all at once. The way a DLP projector runs is vastly different and even the way an image comes out is not the same. With DLP, white light from the lamp is projected through a turning colour wheel with transparent red, blue and green segments, at speeds up to 11,000 rpm/s. This method of projecting an image forms a sequence of red, blue and green light. The millions of micro mirrors mentioned above reflect the coloured light on the pixels to create the image elements. The elements of the image are displayed in sequence on the screen, one colour at a time. The viewer’s eye will then put together each coloured element of the image into a single whole image. From LCD projectors, all colours are available all the time to create top brightness and superb colour accuracy. In DLP, just one colour is available at once, resulting in lower colour brightness and accuracy. Some DLP manufacturers have added a white segment in the colour wheel to improve general brightness, but this then damages colour accuracy.
I hear in forums all the time that DLP provides a higher contrast ratio and ergo must be better quality. For those who are unaware, the contrast ratio is a measure of a display system defined as the ratio of the luminance of the brightest white to that of the darkest black that the system is able to produce. DLP projectors do provide high contrast specifications when compared to the majority of LCD projectors. At a glance, this can seem to be a plus, however, in the real world, the true black level is determined by the ambient light in the room while the projector is utilised. Do not be fooled by contrast specifications on websites and in brochures.
When the content you want to project has moving images, DLP projection technology also has image marks, or ‘artifacts’. The most common artifact that a DLP projector forms with moving images is colour break up. Colour break up is inherent in DLP systems because moving images change up between the time red, blue and green colours are shone. LCD projectors do not have this characteristic because all the colours are delivered at the same time. DLP builders have developed 3DLP solutions using 3 chips to fix the colour break up problem, but the price of these projectors make them almost impossible for most businesses and consumers.
Another variance between LCD and DLP is how they balance for the refractive qualities of light. Remember back to high school science, and they taught you how different colours of light refract various amounts when projected through the same lens. The downfall with DLP projectors is that they have the one same panel and the same lens to project Red, Blue and Green. All 3 colours are different and refract light in a different way. Most of the time with a DLP projector, some yellow colour will be projected above and a superfluous blue will appear below an image as simple as a single black line. In building LCD projectors can be adjusted to take away these effects on the projected image, because each colour is projected on a separate LCD panels.
The isolated real benefit (excluding price) with taking a DLP projector is its smaller overall size and weight. However, this is only relevant with regard to portability and cannot be traded off against the image benefits of LCD projectors. If the result of the picture quality is important to you, then the solution is easy. Go for an LCD projector! LCD projectors will always show bright, colourful images with fewer image imperfections. If you wish to ask more about LCD technology in more detail, see this fantastic resource website: Explore 3LCD. If you have any other questions, get onto Projector Central and send me an email.
Jonathan King is the sales and marketing manager of Projector Central, Australia’s leading online retailer for projectors. Brisbane based, Projector Central has serviced Australia for 15 years. For data projectors in the Gold Coast and Interactive Whiteboards, contact Projector Central today.
Yachting and Yacht Clubs
As the Dutch found preeminence in sea power during the 17th century, the early yacht had been a pleasure craft used mostly by royalty and secondly by the burghers on the canals as well as the protected and unprotected waters of the Low Countries. Yacht racing was incidental, coming out of private challenges. English yachting began with King Charles II of England during his exile in the Low Countries. On his reaffirmation to the English royalty in 1660, the city of Amsterdam sent him a 20-metre (66-foot) pleasure boat with a beam (maximum width) of 5.6 m (18 feet), which he called Mary. Charles and his brother James, the duke of York (James II, sovereign 1685–88), ordered for more yachts and in 1662 raced two of them from the Thames, from Greenwich, to Gravesend, and the same way back, on a £100 bet. Yachting was found to be fashionable among the wealthy and aristocracy, but after that period the habit did not last.
The first yacht club in the British Isles, the Water Club, was started at about 1720 at Cork, Ire., as a cruising and unofficial coast guard association, and had much naval panoply and rigour. The closest thing to a race was the “chase,” for which the “fleet” pursued an imagined enemy. The club went on, mostly as a social club, until 1765, and in 1828, by joining with other societies, it became the Cork Yacht Club (later the Royal Cork Yacht Club).
Yacht racing began in some organized manner on the Thames in the mid-18th century. The duke of Cumberland founded the Cumberland Fleet for Thames racing in 1775. When George IV rose to monarchy in 1820, it was then called the Fleet to His Majesty’s Coronation Sailing Society. The Thames Yacht Club seceded after a racing fight, to become the Royal Thames Yacht Club in 1830. The first English yacht group had been initiated at Cowes on the Isle of Wight in 1815, and royal funding made the Solent - the strait between the mainland and the Isle of Wight - the continued setting of British racing. The society at Cowes became the Royal Yachting Club, also at the rise of George IV. Every member was required to own boats of at least 20 tons (20,321 kg). Sailing matches for great bets were held, and the social life was splendid. Eventually Royal Yachting Club boats were raised in size to over 350 tons.
In North America, yachting was first accomplished with the Dutch in New York in the 17th century and persisted when the English held dominance. Sailing was mostly for pleasure and rose to its apogee in George Crowinshield’s Cleopatra’s Barge (1815), which cruised on the Mediterranean Sea and created a standard of luxury and sophistication for the later yachts in that area from the late 19th century. The first enduring American yacht organisation, the Detroit Boat Club, was started in 1839. In 1844, John C. Stevens instigated the New York Yacht Club aboard his schooner Gimcrack.
Kinds of sailboats
Early sailing yachts took the style of such naval craft as brigantines, schooners, and cutters from the 17th century until the later half of the 19th century. The style of bigger yachts was initially largely affected by the success of America, which was drawn by George Steers for a group started by John C. Stevens, and it was the boat for which the America’s Cup (q.v.) had its namesake after its victory at Cowes in 1851. Earlier yachts were not designed and crafted in the modern sense, with merely a model for an outline. Not until the latter half of the 19th century did what was called naval architecture come about. Not until the 1920s did the use of the research of aerodynamics do for the structure of sails and rigging what science had earlier done for hulls.
Because most of all sailboats had to be individually manufactured, there was a requirement for handicapping boats as this was previous to the one-design class boats were made. Thus, a rating rule was created, which is found in the International Rule, accepted in 1906 and edited in 1919. In the present day, one of the fastest blossoming areas in the field of sailing is that of one-design class boats. All boats in a one-design class are manufactured to the same requirements in length, beam, sail area, and other elements (for an example of a two-person sailboat, see illustration). Racing between those boats can be done on an even playing field with no handicapping at all. A perfect example is the standard International America’s Cup Class taken on for yachts in the 1992 America’s Cup race.
As long as yachting was done mostly for the aristocracy and the rich, expense was no object, and the size of boats developed, in both length and weight. The promotion and desire of smaller craft came in the later half of the 19th century in the sailing of the Englishmen R.T. McMullen, a stockbroker, and E.F. Knight, a barrister and journalist. A journey around the world (1895–98) captained single-handedly by the naturalized American captain Joshua Slocum in the 11.3-metre Spray proved the hardiness of small yachts. Thereafter in the 20th century, particularly after World War II, smaller racing and pleasure boats became more common, down to the dinghy, a preferred training boat, of 3.7 m. In the late 20th century, yachts of less than 3 m were sailed single-handedly across the Atlantic Ocean.
Kinds of power yachts
After the decade 1840–50, during which steam started to emulate sail power in market boats, the steam engine, and later the internal-combustion engine, were employed increasingly in personal vessels. Bigger power yachts were developed to a high element, and long-distance cruising became a preferred pastime of the affluent. The earliest power yachts were paddle-wheel boats; those then gave rise to yachts powered by the completely submerged screw or propeller kind of propulsion. Like naval and merchant yachts, auxiliaries carrying both sail and power were the yacht standard for a number of years. By the latter half of the 20th century, several yachts were still auxiliaries, but the large part were solely power yachts that had gasoline or diesel engines.
During the last decade of the 19th century there was a push in the design of more sizeable steam yachts. In particular within these was the Mayflower (1897) of 2,690 tons, that had triple-expansion engines, twin screws, and a compartmented iron hull, and was sailed by a crew of more than 150. The Mayflower, purchased by the United States Navy in 1898, was the official yacht of the president of the United States until 1929 and was used in active service for World War II.
As more sizeable and more dependable internal-combustion engines were created, many big yachts started using them for power. The establishment of the diesel engine, with heavy oil for fuel, progressed for World War I. From the decade that followed, big power-yacht creation blossomed, hitting a climax in the Orion (1930) at 3,097 tons. From that point the largest auxiliary yacht manufactured was the four-masted, steel, barque-rigged Sea Cloud (1931) of 2,323 tons.
The manufacture of large power craft lessened from 1932, and the style after that was toward smaller, less pricey yachts. After World War II, many small naval vessels were sold to private owners for conversion to yachts. By the late 20th century, yachting has become a widespread loved competition enjoyed by thousands of yachtsmen who are actually owning and upkeeping their own small recreational boats. The amount of boats and owners is increasing steadily, not only in the traditional places by the beach but also on inland waterways and lakes.
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Proportional, Progressive, and Regressive taxes
Taxes can be distinguished by the impact they have on the distribution of income and wealth. A proportional tax is a tax that puts the same relative liability on each taxpayer—i.e., when tax liability and income grow in the same scale. A progressive tax is characterizable by a higher than proportional growth in the tax burden in regard to the rise in income, and a regressive tax is recognised by a less than proportional rise in the comparable burden. Ergo, progressive taxes are seen as removing a lack of equality in income distribution, whereas regressive taxes are believed to have the effect of increasing these inequalities.
The taxes that are often thought to be progressive include individual income taxes and estate taxes. Income taxes that are categorically progressive, however, might become less so within the upper-income categories—in particular if a taxpayer is allowed to lessen his tax base by nominating deductions or by taking some certain income parts from his taxable income. Proportional tax rates which are applied to lower-income categories would also be more progressive if such personal exemptions are claimed.
Income measured over a given year may not definitely offer the most accurate measure of taxpaying ability. For example, transitory growth in income can be saved, and within temporary declines in income a taxpayer may opt to provide for consumption by taking from savings. Therefore, if taxation is made comparable with “permanent income,” it can be less regressive (or more progressive) than when compared with annual income.
Sales taxes and excises (with the exception of luxuries) tend to be regressive, because the portion of one’s income consumed or spent on specific goods decreases as the level of personal income grows. Poll taxes (aka head taxes), levied as a fixed amount per capita, obviously are regressive.
It is difficult to dictate corporate income taxes and taxes on business as progressive, regressive, or proportionate, because of the lack of certainty regarding the ability of businesses to shift their tax expenses (see below Shifting and incidence). This difficulty of determining who bears the tax burden lays crucially on whether a national or a subnational (that is, provincial or state) tax is being considered.
In analysing the economic effects of taxation, it is important to differentiate between various points of tax rates. The statutory rates will include those specified in legislation; commonly these are marginal rates, but for some cases they are mean rates. Marginal income tax rates signify the fraction of incremental income that is demanded by taxation when income is increased by one dollar. Hence, if tax onus rises by 45 cents when income increases by one dollar, the marginal tax rate is 45 percent. Income tax regulations generally contain graduated marginal rates—i.e., rates that increase as income rises. Heavy analysis of marginal tax rates should regard provisions apart from the formal statutory rate structure. If, for example, a particular tax credit (reduction in tax) lessens by 20 cents for each one-dollar increase in income, the marginal rate is 20 percentage points more than indicated in the statutory rates. Since marginal rates indicate how after-tax income changes in response to changes in before-tax income, they are the relevant ones for regarding incentive effects of taxation. It is even more difficult to understand the marginal effective tax rate to apply to income from business and capital, because it may depend on factors including the structure of depreciation allowances, the deductibility of interest, and the provisions for inflation adjustment. A basic economic theorem shows that the marginal effective tax rate in income from capital is nil under a consumption-based tax.
Average income tax rates signify the portion of total income that is required in taxation. The pattern of average rates is the one that is important for considering the distributional equity of taxation. Under a progressive income tax the average income tax rate rises with income. Average income tax rates generally grow with income, both because personal allowances are provided for the taxpayer and dependents and because marginal tax rates are graduated; on the flip side, preferential treatment of income received predominantly by high-income households may dampen these effects, allowing regressivity, as displayed by average tax rates that fall as income increases.
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